What type of trauma includes repetitive, prolonged and cumulative trauma such as neglect by primary caregivers at developmentally vulnerable ages?

• A. Acute trauma
• B. Chronic trauma
• C. Secondary trauma
• D. Vicarious trauma

Answer: (B)

The key idea here is distinguishing trauma by duration and pattern of exposure. Chronic trauma describes repeated, prolonged exposure to traumatic experiences, especially when it happens during development and involves primary caregivers. Ongoing neglect from caregivers during vulnerable developmental periods is a classic example, and its cumulative nature disrupts attachment, regulation, and development over time. This makes chronic trauma the most fitting label for repetitive, lasting adversity rather than isolated incidents.

In contrast, an acute trauma is a one-time event or short-term incident, not ongoing exposure. Secondary or vicarious trauma refers to the impact of witnessing or learning about others’ trauma, or the effects on professionals who work with trauma survivors, rather than direct, repeated abuse experienced by a child.